database-design

What the source does

• FilesystemNone observedNo reads or writes in the source
• NetworkNone observedNo outbound calls in the source
• ShellNone observedNo commands run in the source
• DependenciesPinnedNothing floats
• SecretsNone foundNo keys in source

Five audit layers

Gates applied: no behavioural pass.

Audit 0.4.1 · source sha a94ded2f83b0 · 28 Oct 2026Report an issue or request a re-scan

• Publisherskillcreatorai GitHub userOwner of the repository this skill is read from
• Source folderskillcreatorai/ai-agent-skills/skills/database-designThe exact folder we audited
• LicenceMITAs the repository states it
• Commit pinned for this verdicta94ded2f83b0A new audit runs when the source changes
• Repository statusNot archivedLast push 36 days ago
• Sandboxed runNot runSkills are read, not executed; layer L4 is skipped

Its description: Database schema design, optimization, and migration patterns for PostgreSQL, MySQL, and NoSQL databases. Use for designing schemas, writing migrations, or optimizing queries.

---
name: database-design
description: Database schema design, optimization, and migration patterns for PostgreSQL, MySQL, and NoSQL databases. Use for designing schemas, writing migrations, or optimizing queries.
source: wshobson/agents
license: MIT
version: 4.1.0
---

# Database Design

## Schema Design Principles

### Normalization Guidelines
```sql
-- 1NF: Atomic values, no repeating groups
-- 2NF: No partial dependencies on composite keys
-- 3NF: No transitive dependencies

-- Users table (normalized)
CREATE TABLE users (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- Addresses table (separate entity)
CREATE TABLE addresses (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  user_id INTEGER REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  street VARCHAR(255),
  city VARCHAR(100),
  country VARCHAR(100),
  is_primary BOOLEAN DEFAULT false
);
```

### Denormalization for Performance
```sql
-- When read performance matters more than write consistency
CREATE TABLE order_summaries (
  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  order_id INTEGER REFERENCES orders(id),
  customer_name VARCHAR(255),  -- Denormalized from customers
  total_amount DECIMAL(10,2),
  item_count INTEGER,
  last_updated TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);
```

## Index Design

### Common Index Patterns
```sql
-- B-tree (default) for equality and range queries
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);

-- Composite index (order matters!)
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_date ON orders(user_id, created_at DESC);

-- Partial index for specific conditions
CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;

-- GIN index for array/JSONB columns
CREATE INDEX idx_posts_tags ON posts USING GIN(tags);

-- Covering index (includes additional columns)
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_covering ON orders(user_id) INCLUDE (total, status);
```

### Index Analysis
```sql
-- Check index usage
SELECT
  schemaname, tablename, indexname,
  idx_scan, idx_tup_read, idx_tup_fetch
FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
ORDER BY idx_scan DESC;

-- Find missing indexes
SELECT
  relname, seq_scan, seq_tup_read,
  idx_scan, idx_tup_fetch
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE seq_scan > idx_scan
ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC;
```

## Migration Patterns

### Safe Migration Template
```sql
-- Always use transactions
BEGIN;

-- Add column with default (non-blocking in PG 11+)
ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active';

-- Create index concurrently (doesn't lock table)
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_users_status ON users(status);

-- Backfill data in batches
UPDATE users SET status = 'active' WHERE status IS NULL AND id BETWEEN 1 AND 10000;

COMMIT;
```

### Zero-Downtime Migrations
```
1. Add new column (nullable)
2. Deploy code that writes to both columns
3. Backfill old data
4. Deploy code that reads from new column
5. Remove old column
```

## Query Optimization

### EXPLAIN Analysis
```sql
-- Always use EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, FORMAT TEXT)
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 123 AND status = 'pending';

-- Key metrics to watch:
-- - Seq Scan vs Index Scan
-- - Actual rows vs Estimated rows
-- - Buffers: shared hit vs read
```

### Common Optimizations
```sql
-- Use EXISTS instead of IN for large sets
SELECT * FROM users u
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.user_id = u.id);

-- Pagination with keyset (cursor) instead of OFFSET
SELECT * FROM posts
WHERE created_at < '2024-01-01'
ORDER BY created_at DESC
LIMIT 20;

-- Use CTEs for complex queries
WITH active_users AS (
  SELECT id FROM users WHERE last_login > NOW() - INTERVAL '30 days'
)
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (SELECT id FROM active_users);
```

## Constraints & Data Integrity

```sql
-- Primary key
ALTER TABLE users ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

-- Foreign key with cascade
ALTER TABLE orders ADD CONSTRAINT fk_orders_user
  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE;

-- Check constraint
ALTER TABLE products ADD CONSTRAINT chk_price_positive
  CHECK (price >= 0);

-- Unique constraint
ALTER TABLE users ADD CONSTRAINT uniq_users_email UNIQUE (email);

-- Exclusion constraint (no overlapping ranges)
ALTER TABLE reservations ADD CONSTRAINT excl_no_overlap
  EXCLUDE USING gist (room_id WITH =, tsrange(start_time, end_time) WITH &&);
```

## Best Practices

- Use UUIDs for public-facing IDs, SERIAL/BIGSERIAL for internal
- Always add `created_at` and `updated_at` timestamps
- Use soft deletes (`deleted_at`) for important data
- Design for eventual consistency in distributed systems
- Document schema decisions in migration files
- Test migrations on production-size data before deploying

Excerpt, first 4,631 characters of SKILL.md, verbatim from the audited commit. It is text from someone else’s repository, quoted so you can judge it before your agent reads it.

1. 2026-10-28
   ✓SAFE B 89 / 100

   first audit · source a94ded2f83b0

Questions about database-design

• github.com/skillcreatorai/ai-agent-skills/tree/main/skills/datab — the audited source at commit a94ded2f83b0 and every finding aboveObserved · 28 Oct 2026

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