Cloudflare D1

What the source does

• FilesystemNone observedNo reads or writes in the source
• NetworkNone observedNo outbound calls in the source
• ShellNone observedNo commands run in the source
• DependenciesPinnedNothing floats
• SecretsNone foundNo keys in source

Five audit layers

Gates applied: no behavioural pass.

Audit 0.4.1 · source sha ea59a0c53d79 · 14 Oct 2026Report an issue or request a re-scan

• Publisheralinaqi GitHub userOwner of the repository this skill is read from
• Source folderalinaqi/claude-bootstrap/skills/cloudflare-d1The exact folder we audited
• LicenceMITAs the repository states it
• Commit pinned for this verdictea59a0c53d79A new audit runs when the source changes
• Repository statusNot archivedPushed today
• Sandboxed runNot runSkills are read, not executed; layer L4 is skipped

Its description: Cloudflare D1 SQLite database with Workers, Drizzle ORM, migrations

---
name: cloudflare-d1
description: Cloudflare D1 SQLite database with Workers, Drizzle ORM, migrations
when-to-use: When working with Cloudflare D1 or Workers
user-invocable: false
paths: ["wrangler.toml", "src/worker*", "**/d1/**"]
effort: medium
---

# Cloudflare D1 Skill


Cloudflare D1 is a serverless SQLite database designed for Cloudflare Workers with global distribution and zero cold starts.

**Sources:** [D1 Docs](https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/) | [Drizzle + D1](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/connect-cloudflare-d1) | [Wrangler CLI](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/wrangler/)

---

## Core Principle

**SQLite at the edge, migrations in version control, Drizzle for type safety.**

D1 brings SQLite's simplicity to serverless. Design for horizontal scale (multiple small databases) rather than vertical (one large database). Use Drizzle ORM for type-safe queries and migrations.

---

## D1 Stack

| Component | Purpose |
|-----------|---------|
| **D1** | Serverless SQLite database |
| **Workers** | Edge runtime for your application |
| **Wrangler** | CLI for development and deployment |
| **Drizzle ORM** | Type-safe ORM with migrations |
| **Drizzle Kit** | Migration tooling |
| **Hono** | Lightweight web framework (optional) |

---

## Project Setup

### Create Worker Project
```bash
# Create new project
npm create cloudflare@latest my-app -- --template "worker-typescript"
cd my-app

# Install dependencies
npm install drizzle-orm
npm install -D drizzle-kit
```

### Create D1 Database
```bash
# Create database (creates both local and remote)
npx wrangler d1 create my-database

# Output:
# [[d1_databases]]
# binding = "DB"
# database_name = "my-database"
# database_id = "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
```

### Configure wrangler.toml
```toml
name = "my-app"
main = "src/index.ts"
compatibility_date = "2024-01-01"

[[d1_databases]]
binding = "DB"
database_name = "my-database"
database_id = "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
migrations_dir = "drizzle"
migrations_table = "drizzle_migrations"
```

### Generate TypeScript Types
```bash
# Generate env types from wrangler.toml
npx wrangler types

# Creates worker-configuration.d.ts:
# interface Env {
#   DB: D1Database;
# }
```

---

## Drizzle ORM Setup

### Schema Definition
```typescript
// src/db/schema.ts
import { sqliteTable, text, integer, real, blob } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core';
import { sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

export const users = sqliteTable('users', {
  id: integer('id').primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  email: text('email').notNull().unique(),
  name: text('name').notNull(),
  role: text('role', { enum: ['user', 'admin'] }).default('user'),
  createdAt: text('created_at').default(sql`CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`),
  updatedAt: text('updated_at').default(sql`CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`)
});

export const posts = sqliteTable('posts', {
  id: integer('id').primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  title: text('title').notNull(),
  content: text('content'),
  authorId: integer('author_id').references(() => users.id),
  published: integer('published', { mode: 'boolean' }).default(false),
  viewCount: integer('view_count').default(0),
  createdAt: text('created_at').default(sql`CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`)
});

export const tags = sqliteTable('tags', {
  id: integer('id').primaryKey({ autoIncrement: true }),
  name: text('name').notNull().unique()
});

export const postTags = sqliteTable('post_tags', {
  postId: integer('post_id').references(() => posts.id),
  tagId: integer('tag_id').references(() => tags.id)
});

// Type exports
export type User = typeof users.$inferSelect;
export type NewUser = typeof users.$inferInsert;
export type Post = typeof posts.$inferSelect;
export type NewPost = typeof posts.$inferInsert;
```

### Drizzle Config
```typescript
// drizzle.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'drizzle-kit';

export default defineConfig({
  schema: './src/db/schema.ts',
  out: './drizzle',
  dialect: 'sqlite',
  driver: 'd1-http',
  dbCredentials: {
    accountId: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID!,
    databaseId: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_DATABASE_ID!,
    token: process.env.CLOUDFLARE_D1_TOKEN!
  }
});
```

### Database Client
```typescript
// src/db/index.ts
import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/d1';
import * as schema from './schema';

export function createDb(d1: D1Database) {
  return drizzle(d1, { schema });
}

export type Database = ReturnType<typeof createDb>;
export * from './schema';
```

---

## Migration Workflow

### Generate Migration
```bash
# Generate migration from schema changes
npx drizzle-kit generate

# Output: drizzle/0000_initial.sql
```

### Apply Migrations Locally
```bash
# Apply to local D1
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --local

# Or via Drizzle
npx drizzle-kit migrate
```

### Apply Migrations to Production
```bash
# Apply to remote D1
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --remote

# Preview first (dry run)
npx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --remote --dry-run
```

### Migration File Example
```sql
-- drizzle/0000_initial.sql
CREATE TABLE `users` (
  `id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL,
  `email` text NOT NULL,
  `name` text NOT NULL,
  `role` text DEFAULT 'user',
  `created_at` text DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `updated_at` text DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `users_email_unique` ON `users` (`email`);

CREATE TABLE `posts` (
  `id` integer PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL,
  `title` text NOT NULL,
  `content` text,
  `author_id` integer REFERENCES `users`(`id`),
  `published` integer DEFAULT false,
  `view_count` integer DEFAULT 0,
  `created_at` text DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
```

---

## Worker Implementation

### Basic Worker with Hono
```typescript
// src/index.ts
import { Hono } from 'hono';
import { createDb, users, posts } from './db';
import { eq, desc } from 'drizzle-orm';

type Bindings = {
  DB: D1Database;
};

const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>();

// Middleware to inject db
app.use('*', async (c, next) 

Excerpt, first 6,000 characters of SKILL.md, verbatim from the audited commit. It is text from someone else’s repository, quoted so you can judge it before your agent reads it.

npm install drizzle-orm
npm install -D drizzle-kit

git clone https://github.com/alinaqi/claude-bootstrap
git -C claude-bootstrap checkout ea59a0c53d79

Works in

1. 2026-10-14
   ✓SAFE B 89 / 100

   first audit · source ea59a0c53d79

Questions about Cloudflare D1

• github.com/alinaqi/claude-bootstrap/tree/main/skills/cloudflare- — the audited source at commit ea59a0c53d79 and every finding aboveObserved · 14 Oct 2026

Spotted something wrong? Report a correction · Methodology